Translocation of flexible polymersomes across pores at the nanoscale.

Hierarchical biological systems such as tissues and organs are often characterised by highly crowded and packed environments with nanoscopic interconnections between them. Engineering nanovectors that can penetrate and diffuse across these is critical to ensure enhanced delivery and targeting. Here we demonstrate that flexible polymeric vesicles, known as polymersomes, enable the translocation of large macromolecules across both synthetic and biological porous systems. We compare the translocation across narrow pores of different polymersome formulations. We demonstrate that effective translocation depends on the right combination of mechanical properties and surface lubrication. We prove that with the effect of external gradients (e.g. osmotic pressure, capillarity, hydration, etc.) polymersomes can translocate across pores with diameters one order of magnitude smaller without breaking. We demonstrate that these properties are essential to develop effective tissue penetration and show polymersome mediated transdermal delivery of large macromolecules such as dextran and antibodies using human ex vivo skin.